Awareness of entrepreneurial application in everyday Extension occurrences can improve Extension’s impact in a rapidly changing environment. While the term entrepreneur is often associated with business ventures, interest in entrepreneurial influences in Extension appear through decades of literature. With underlying tenets of mission-focused proactivity, agility and accountability, all Extension professionals express varying degrees of entrepreneurial tendencies, including administrators, specialists, agents, educators, office associates, and others who contribute to and support the Extension mission. Regardless of the position, Extension professionals can learn from research and practice related to entrepreneurial leadership.
Poster Presentation
During the 2024 Joint Council of Extension Professionals (JCEP) Extension Leadership Conference (ELC), Julie Fox and Ramona Madhosingh-Hector presented a poster on Everyday Entrepreneurial Leadership in Extension and shared related resources.
Resources
Extension professionals can learn from research and practice related to entrepreneurial leadership. Download this Bulletin to learn more.
Download this worksheet to explore and develop everyday entreprenerial leadeship opportunities in Extension.
- Anderson, N.R., & West, M.A. (1998). Measuring climate for work-group innovation: Development and validation of the Team Climate Inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(3), 235-258.
- Arnold, M. E., & Rennekamp, R. A. (2020). A time like no other: 4-H youth development and COVID-19. The Journal of Extension, 58(3), 32.
- Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108.
- Bellone, C.J., & Goerle, G.F. (1992). Reconciling public entrepreneurship and democracy. Public Administration Review, 52(2), 130-134.
- Berman, S.L., Wicks, A.C., Kotha, S., & Jones, T.M. (1999). Does stakeholder orientation matter? The relationship between stakeholder management models and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), 488-506.
- Brinckerhoff, P.C. (2000). Social entrepreneurship: The art of mission-based venture development. John Wiley & Sons.
- Brown, T.H, Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. (2001). An operationalization of Stevenson’s conceptualization of entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behavior. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 953–968.
- Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1995). Product development: Past research, present findings and future direction. Academy of Management Review, 20, 343-378.
- Catford, J. (1998). Social entrepreneurs are vital for health promotion, but they need supportive environments too. Health Promotion International, 13(2), 95-97.
- Cole, A.H. (1946). An approach to the study of entrepreneurship. Journal of Economic History, 4, 1-15.
- Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1986). The development and testing of an organizational-level entrepreneurship scale. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 1(3), 628-639.
- Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D.P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 16(1), 43-51.
- Crawford, J. (2023, October 27) What is entrepreneurial leadership?. Babson Thought & Action
- Cunningham, J. B., & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29, 45-61.
- Davis, K. E., Babu, S. C., & Ragasa, C. (2020). Agricultural extension: Global status and performance in selected countries. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
- Dees, J.G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University.
- Drucker, P. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
- Drucker, P.D. (1995). Really reinventing government. The Atlantic Monthly, Feb., 49-61.
- Eggers, F., Niemand, T., Kraus, S., & Breier, M. (2020). Developing a scale for entrepreneurial marketing: Revealing its inner frame and prediction of performance. Journal of Business Research, 113, 72-82.
- Ferguson, C. M. (1964). Innovation in extension. Journal of Extension, 3(4), 152-154.
- Fox, J. M. (2005). Organizational entrepreneurship and the organizational performance linkage in university extension. The Ohio State University.
- Franz, N. K. (2004). Self-directed work teams. Journal of Extension, 42(2), Article 26.
- Franz, N. K., & Cox, R. A. (2012). Extension's future: Time for disruptive innovation. The Journal of Extension, 50(2), 38.
- Geasler, M. R. (1988). ECOP’s futures task force report: An overview. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(5), 1123–1126.
- Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.
- Gupta, V., MacMillan, I. C., & Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial leadership: Developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 241–260.
- Harrison, C., Paul, S., & Burnard, K. (2016). Entrepreneurial leadership: A systematic literature review. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 14(2).
- Henton, D., Melville, J., & Walsh, K. (1997). Grassroots leaders for a new economy: How civic entrepreneurs are building prosperous communities. Jossey-Bass.
- Hills, G. E., Hultman, C. M., Kraus, S., & Schulte, R. (2010). History, theory and evidence of entrepreneurial marketing–an overview. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(1), 3-18.
- Hornaday, J.A., & Abound, J. (1971). Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Personal Psychology, 24, 141-153.
- Jeffers-Sample, A., Mars, M. M., Rice, A. H., & Torres, R. M. (2018). Examining the Entrepreneurial Leadership Propensities of Extension Educators. The Journal of Extension, 56(6), 25.
- Kannampuzha, M., & Hockerts, K. (2019). Organizational social entrepreneurship: Scale development and validation. Social Enterprise Journal, (15)3, 290-319.
- King, D., & Boehlje, M. (2000). Extension: on the brink of distinction or extinction? Journal of Extension, 38(5).
- Knight, G.A. (1997). Cross cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(3), 213-226.
- Kuratko, D. F., Ireland, R. D., & Hornsby, J.S. (2001). Improving firm performance through entrepreneurial actions: Acordia’s corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Academy of Management Executive, 15(4), 60-71.
- Lewis, E. (1980). Public entrepreneurship: Toward a theory of political power. University Press.
- Llonch, J., Casablancas-Segura, C., & Alarcón-del-Amo, M. C. (2016). Stakeholder orientation in public universities: A conceptual discussion and a scale development. Spanish Journal of Marketing-esic, 20(1), 41-57.
- Long, W. (1983). The meaning of entrepreneurship. American Journal of Small Business, 8(2), 47-59.
- Lumpkin, G.T., & Dess, G.G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21, 135-172.
- McClelland, D. (1987). Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Creative Behavior, 21(2), 219-233.
- McDowell, G. R. (2001). Land-Grant Universities and Extension into the 21st Century: Renegotiating or Abandoning a Social Contract. Iowa State University Press, 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014.
- Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
- Morris, M. H., & Kuratko, D.F. (2002). Corporate entrepreneurship. Harcourt College Publishers.
- Morris, M. H., & Jones, F. F. (1999). Entrepreneurship in established organizations: The case of the public sector. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 24(1), 71-91.
- Morris, M. H., Schindehutte, M., & LaForge, R. W. (2002). Entrepreneurial marketing: a construct for integrating emerging entrepreneurship and marketing perspectives. Journal of marketing theory and practice, 1-19.
- O’Cass, A., & Morrish, S. (2016). Anatomy of entrepreneurial marketing. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(1), 2-4.
- Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government, how the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. Addison-Wesley.
- Packard, M. D., Clark, B. B., & Klein, P. G. (2017). Uncertainty types and transitions in the entrepreneurial process. Organization Science, 28(5), 840-856.
- Partnership for Public Service. (2011). Innovation in government.
- Reynolds, P. (1991). Sociology and entrepreneurship: Concepts and contributions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 16(2), 47-70.
- Sahu, K. K., Bardhan, R., Chouhan, N. S., Dixit, D., Tripathi, S., Pandey, A., & Ahmed, R. (2023). A Comprehensive Review on Role of Agricultural Extension Services in the Sustainable Development of Global Agriculture. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 3514-3525.
- Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press.
- Schuyler, G. (1998): Social entrepreneurship: Profit as a means, not an end. DIGEST Number 98-7. CELCEE.
- Sexton, D., & N. Bowman-Upton. (1991) Entrepreneurship: Creativity and growth. Macmillan.
- Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-26.
- Speirs, K., Friedman, A., Luecking, C., & Brown, K. (2023). Cooperative Extension Programming for Early Care and Education Professionals During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a National Survey of Extension Systems. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 11(3), 6.
- Stevenson, H. H. (1983). A perspective on entrepreneurship. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 9-384-131.
- Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (2007). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. In Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective (pp. 155-170). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
- Stewart, A. (1989). Team entrepreneurship. Sage.
- Vedula, S., Doblinger, C., Pacheco, D., York, J. G., Bacq, S., Russo, M. V., & Dean, T. J. (2022). Entrepreneurship for the public good: A review, critique, and path forward for social and environmental entrepreneurship research. Academy of Management Annals, 16(1), 391-425.
- Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A. G. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 17.
- Warnock, P. (1985). Creativity: Extension’s future. Journal of Extension, 23(3), Article 3FEA1.
- Windon, S. R., Buchko, O., & Falcone, L. (2023). Volunteers’ Stewardship Action-Taking Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic Predicted by Their Motivation Toward Engagement and Ability to Teach Others. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 11(3), 2.
- Yang, P. & Ou, Y. 2023. Guide for monitoring and evaluation of the public agricultural extension and advisory service system. Rome, FAO.
- Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 6.
- Zaccaro, S. J., Gilbert, J. A., Thor, K. K., & Mumford, M. D. (1991). Leadership and social intelligence: Linking social perspectiveness and behavioral flexibility to leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 2(4), 317-342.
- Zahra, S.A., Kuratko, D.F., & Jennings, D.F. (1999). Entrepreneurship and the acquisition of dynamic organizational capabilities. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 23(3), 5-10.
- Zimbroff, A. (2023). The Future of Extension Programming Post-Pandemic: The Need for Diverse Approaches. The Journal of Extension, 61(2), Article 6.
Acknowledgements & Contacts
- Julie M. Fox, Ph.D., The Ohio State University, CFAES, Associate Professor and
Extension Director of Strategic Initiatives and Urban Engagement, fox.264@osu.edu - Ramona Madhosingh-Hector, M.S., M.S.P., University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Regional Specialized Agent, Urban Sustainability. ramona.m.hector@ufl.edu For more information about Ramona’s WCMER Fellowship work in this area, visit https://metroextension.wsu.edu/2020/05/04/ramona-c-madhosingh-hector/
- Michelle Gaston, The Ohio State University, managed project details in support of this Bulletin and related resources. gaston.6@osu.edu